Sodium

Sodium is the main extracellular electrolyte, regulating fluid balance and blood pressure. Levels reflect water balance more than salt intake.

Normal ranges

Adults: 136–145 mmol/L.

Units: mmol/L

Causes of deviations

Low levels:

Excess water intake, diuretics, heart failure, SIADH.

High levels:

Dehydration, diabetes insipidus, excess salt intake.

When to see a doctor

If abnormal — electrolyte imbalance may cause confusion, weakness, seizures.

This information is for educational purposes and does not replace medical advice.

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